TypeScript for JavaScript Programmers

Types by Inference

TypeScript knows the JavaScript language and will generate types for you in many cases. For example in creating a variable and assigning it to a particular value, TypeScript will use the value as its type.

Try this code ↗

let helloWorld = "Hello World";

let helloWorld: string

By understanding how JavaScript works, TypeScript can build a type-system that accepts JavaScript code but has types. This offers a type-system without needing to add extra characters to make types explicit in your code. That’s how TypeScript knows that helloWorld is a string in the above example.

You may have written JavaScript in Visual Studio Code, and had editor auto-completion. Visual Studio Code uses TypeScript under the hood to make it easier to work with JavaScript.

Defining Types

You can use a wide variety of design patterns in JavaScript. However, some design patterns make it difficult for types to be inferred automatically (for example, patterns that use dynamic programming). To cover these cases, TypeScript supports an extension of the JavaScript language, which offers places for you to tell TypeScript what the types should be.

For example, to create an object with an inferred type which includes name: string and id: number, you can write:

Try this code ↗

const user = {
name:"Hayes",
id:0,
};

You can explicitly describe this object’s shape using an interface declaration:

Try this code ↗

interface User {
name: string;
id: number;
}

You can then declare that a JavaScript object conforms to the shape of your new interface by using syntax like : TypeName after a variable declaration:

Try this code ↗

const user: User = {
name:"Hayes",
id:0,
};

If you provide an object that doesn’t match the interface you have provided, TypeScript will warn you:

Try this code ↗

interface User {
name: string;
id: number;
}

constuser: User = {
username:"Hayes",
id:0,
};

Type '{ username: string; id: number; }' is not assignable to type 'User'.
  Object literal may only specify known properties, and 'username' does not exist in type 'User'.

Since JavaScript supports classes and object-oriented programming, so does TypeScript. You can use an interface declaration with classes:

Try this code ↗

interface User {
name: string;
id: number;
}

classUserAccount {
name: string;
id: number;

constructor(name: string, id: number) {
this.name = name;
this.id = id;
  }
}

constuser: User = newUserAccount("Murphy", 1);

You can use interfaces to annotate parameters and return values to functions:

Try this code ↗

function deleteUser(user: User) {
// ...
}

functiongetAdminUser(): User {
//...
}

There is already a small set of primitive types available in JavaScript: boolean, bigint, null, number, string, symbol, and undefined, which you can use in an interface. TypeScript extends this list with a few more, such as any (allow anything), unknown ↗ (ensure someone using this type declares what the type is), never ↗ (it’s not possible that this type could happen), and void (a function which returns undefined or has no return value).

You’ll see that there are two syntaxes for building types: Interfaces and Types ↗. You should prefer interface. Use type when you need specific features.

Composing Types

With TypeScript, you can create complex types by combining simple ones. There are two popular ways to do so: with unions, and with generics.

Unions

With a union, you can declare that a type could be one of many types. For example, you can describe a boolean type as being either true or false:

Try this code ↗

type MyBool = true | false;

Note: If you hover over MyBool above, you’ll see that it is classed as boolean. That’s a property of the Structural Type System. More on this below.

A popular use-case for union types is to describe the set of string or numberliterals that a value is allowed to be:

Try this code ↗

type WindowStates = "open" | "closed" | "minimized";
typeLockStates = "locked" | "unlocked";
typePositiveOddNumbersUnderTen = 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9;

Unions provide a way to handle different types too. For example, you may have a function that takes an array or a string:

Try this code ↗

function getLength(obj: string | string[]) {
returnobj.length;
}

To learn the type of a variable, use typeof:

For example, you can make a function return different values depending on whether it is passed a string or an array:

Try this code ↗

function wrapInArray(obj: string | string[]) {
if (typeofobj === "string") {
return [obj];

(parameter) obj: string
  }
returnobj;
}

Generics

Generics provide variables to types. A common example is an array. An array without generics could contain anything. An array with generics can describe the values that the array contains.

type StringArray = Array<string>;
typeNumberArray = Array<number>;
typeObjectWithNameArray = Array<{ name: string }>;

You can declare your own types that use generics:

Try this code ↗

interface Backpack<Type> {
add: (obj: Type) =>void;
get: () =>Type;
}

// This line is a shortcut to tell TypeScript there is a
// constant called `backpack`, and to not worry about where it came from.
declareconstbackpack: Backpack<string>;

// object is a string, because we declared it above as the variable part of Backpack.
constobject = backpack.get();

// Since the backpack variable is a string, you can't pass a number to the add function.
backpack.add(23);

Argument of type 'number' is not assignable to parameter of type 'string'.

Structural Type System

One of TypeScript’s core principles is that type checking focuses on the shape that values have. This is sometimes called “duck typing” or “structural typing”.

In a structural type system, if two objects have the same shape, they are considered to be of the same type.

Try this code ↗

interface Point {
x: number;
y: number;
}

functionlogPoint(p: Point) {
console.log(`${p.x}, ${p.y}`);
}

// logs "12, 26"
constpoint = { x:12, y:26 };
logPoint(point);

The point variable is never declared to be a Point type. However, TypeScript compares the shape of point to the shape of Point in the type-check. They have the same shape, so the code passes.

The shape-matching only requires a subset of the object’s fields to match.

Try this code ↗

const point3 = { x: 12, y: 26, z: 89 };
logPoint(point3); // logs "12, 26"

constrect = { x:33, y:3, width:30, height:80 };
logPoint(rect); // logs "33, 3"

constcolor = { hex:"#187ABF" };
logPoint(color);

Argument of type '{ hex: string; }' is not assignable to parameter of type 'Point'.
  Type '{ hex: string; }' is missing the following properties from type 'Point': x, y

There is no difference between how classes and objects conform to shapes:

Try this code ↗

class VirtualPoint {
x: number;
y: number;

constructor(x: number, y: number) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
  }
}

constnewVPoint = newVirtualPoint(13, 56);
logPoint(newVPoint); // logs "13, 56"

If the object or class has all the required properties, TypeScript will say they match, regardless of the implementation details.

Next Steps

This was a brief overview of the syntax and tools used in everyday TypeScript. From here, you can:

• Read the full Handbook from start to finish
• Explore the Playground examples ↗